| Subject | Founder/Father | Description (if any) |
|---|
| Biogeography | Alfred Russel Wallace | Wallace worked on the impact of human activity on the natural world |
| Biology | Aristotle | |
| Botany | Theophrastus | |
| Evolution | Charles Darwin | On the Origin of Species (1859) |
| Genetics | Gregor Mendel | Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants (forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance) |
| Microbiology | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria |
| Molecular biology | Linus Pauling | |
| Molecular biophysics | Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran | Founded the molecular biophysics unit (1970) |
| Paleontology | Leonardo da Vinci | |
| Parasitology | Francesco Redi | The founder of experimental biology. He was the first person who challenged the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies |
| Protozoology | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa. |
| Atomic theory (early) | Democritus | Founder of atomism in cosmology |
| Atomic theory (modern) | Father Roger Boscovich & | First coherent description of atomic theory |
| John Dalton | First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures. |
| Chemistry (early) | Jabir | First introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy |
| Chemistry (modern) | Antoine Lavoisier | Elements of Chemistry (1787) |
| Jöns Berzelius | Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s) |
| John Dalton | Revival of atomic theory (1803) |
| Nuclear chemistry | Otto Hahn | Applied Radiochemistry (1936) |
| Periodic table | Dmitri Mendeleev | He arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869) |
| Physical chemistry | Mikhail Lomonosov | The first person to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term in 1752 |
| Geodesy (mathematical geography) | Eratosthenes | |
| Plate tectonics | Alfred Wegener | |
| Speleology | Édouard-Alfred Martel | |
| Cognitive therapy | Aaron T. Beck | |
| Electrophysiology | Emil du Bois-Reymond | |
| Gynaecology | J. Marion Sims | |
| Histology | Marcello Malpighi | |
| Medicine | Charaka | Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine |
| Psychology (experimental) | Wilhelm Wundt | Founded the first laboratory for psychological research |
| Plastic surgery | Sushruta & | Wrote the Sushruta Samhita |
| Harold Gillies | |
| Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud | |
| Surgery (early) | Sushruta | Wrote the Sushruta Samhita |
| Atomic bomb | Enrico Fermi | |
| J. Robert Oppenheimer | |
| Leslie Groves | |
| Edward Teller | |
| Classical mechanics | Isaac Newton | |
| Electricity | William Gilbert & | Wrote ‘De Magnete’ (1600) |
| Michael Faraday | Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831) |
| Modern astronomy | Nicolaus Copernicus | Developed the first heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium(1543) |
| Nuclear physics | Ernest Rutherford | |
| Nuclear science | Marie Curie & Pierre Curie | |
| Optics | Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) | |
| Quantum mechanics | Max Planck | |
| Relativity | Albert Einstein | |
| Thermodynamics | Sadi Carnot | |
| Algebra | Brahmagupta | |
| Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi) | |
| Diophantus | |
| Calculus | Isaac Newton & | |
| Gottfried Leibniz | |
| Computer science | George Boole & | |
| Alan Turing | |
| Geometry | Euclid | |
| Number theory | Pythagoras | |
| Trigonometry | Aryabhata & Hipparchus | |
| Fuzzy logic | Lotfi Asker Zadeh | |
| Anthropology | Herodotus | |
| Geography | Eratosthenes | |
| Demography | Ibn Khaldun | |
| History | Herodotus | He also coined the term 'History' |
| International law | Alberico Gentili | |
| Francisco de Vitoria | |
| Hugo Grotius | |
| Linguistics (early) | Panini | |
| Sociology | Ibn Khaldun | |
| Auguste Comte (also coined the term) | Father of modern sociology |
| Accounting and Bookkeeping | Luca Pacioli | |
| Economics (early) | Chanakya / Kautilya | |
| Mathematical economics | Daniel Bernoulli | |
| Microcredit | Muhammad Yunus | Founded Grameen Bank |
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